LOCATION: It is located in Southeast Asia along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean, China is the world's third largest country, after Russia and Canada.
YEAR WHEN THE COUNTRY ENTERED JOINED THE UN: China joined the united nations in the year the 25 of april 1945, it was one of the founders of the UN and its most important influence there is that china is one of the countries that are in the Security council and china is an permanent member.
1. PEOPLE
1 The people that live in china are called Chinese people.
2 The official language that is spoken in China is the Standard Mandarin and its the only spoken language in this country.
3 The most practice religions are the Buddhism , Taoism , Confucianism and traditional Chinese religion and in many cases , are carried out jointly and in a form of religious syncretism. However , a large majority of the population does not identify with any religion, be agnostics , atheists or just not attached to any religion spiritual people.
2. FLAG
The Chinese constitution states in its Articles 136 , 137 and 138 that the flag of his nation is composed of a canvas red which symbolizes the revolution called Chinese Civil War that occurred from 1927 to 1950 and is the color of communism. Five yellow stars have five peaks each , the three small stars represent the population and the biggest star represents the communist party .
All the stars are in the upper left and represent the union of the people with the Communist Party of China. The tiny stars also symbolize the four social classes that divides the country , businessmen , intellectuals, workers and peasants.
This is the emblem of the Communist Party The hammer and sickle is a symbol that represents the union of workers, mainly used to represent communism and their parties . It comprises a hammer superimposed on a sickle . These two tools are symbols of the industrial proletariat and the peasantry , respectively ; the fact that they are one above the other symbolizes the unity between all workers.
3. GOVERMENT
1.China is a developing country and its way of government is communism so it isn´t a democratic government but it is starting to transform into a democratic state related to the economy.
2.The name of the leader of the country is Xi Jinping from the communist party of People´s Republic of China
3.The type of government of china is the communist since 1949 when the communist party was chosen.
4.In China the three powers are divided in 5 Institutions:
- The political branch, is essentially the Communist Party of China. Since China is a one-party state, this branch monopolizes all branches, actually. It submits bills to the legislative branch. The Party, anyway, is actually the largest one in the world, with over 80 million members.
- The Executive Branch, this is the State Council, consisting of 50 people selected by the National People's Congress. The current Premier of the State Council is Li Keqiang. It's main responsibilities are to oversee the state and provincial governments. Also the Communist Party of China interferes in this power.
- The Legislative Branch, this is the National People's Congress, which is the only legislative body in China, instead of being split into 2 have the two institutions together with it's Senate and House of Representatives. It's mainly a forum for debating bills put forward by the Political Branch, and it has very rarely refused one. A vast majority of its members are also in the Communist Party of China because its the main party in China.
- The Judicial Branch. This is the Supreme People's Court, along with 300 other tribunals. Hong Kong and Macau are excluded from this. As well as judging Constitutional cases, this court also judges criminal cases.
- The Military Branch. This is the Central Military Commission, responsible for the People's Liberation Army (Includes the Army, Navy and Air Force) and the People's Armed Police. This branch is responsible for all of China's military agencies.
5. The main political parties are the: The Kuomintang of China that is a nationalist party that had a powerful army and unified china. It governed until 1949 when the communist party won the civil war. Their first idea was to govern with a powerful army but they could,t di that because the communist party won them.
The communist party of china is the party that have more members in the world. It is the current party that is ruling and it put the name to china of People´s Republic Of China.They started to be leading in 1949 when they won the civil war (the Kuomintang of China) they immediately rule. Its main ideas for ruling are the communism and socialism.
The Chinese Youth Party is a lower party that have,t governed yet. Its main ideas for the government are to make a strong and centralized government. It was founded by a group of Chinese students in France. 6. China haven´t been never colonized although a lot of countries had some territories there, but china haven´t be ever a colony, but before 1949 the Kuomintang of China was the leading part without elections and in the civil war the communist party won the war so we can say that they gained it independence.
4.POPULATION
1.People´s republic of China have 1.367.820.000 inhabitants in the territory. The distribution by ages in china is less than 15 years 20,1%, between 15-64 71.9% and more than 64 8%. The 53% of the people that lives in are men and the other, the 47% are women. And the percentages of the foreigns nationality that lives in China are Korean , Mongolian, Japanese , Russians and Kazakhs : 60 % (394.200 inhabitants ), Europeans: 35 % (229.950 inhabitants ) and from other countries: 5% (32.850 inhabitants).
2. The population density of China is of 145 people per square kilometer.
3. The birth rate of china is of 12.7 births divided of 1.000 people. This is a lower population than before the 1978. This is because the government of china made a law in the year 1970 that said that in China, the couples could only have one baby and this caused a lower birth rate and a high amounts of aborts because the people had a lot of children and they had a very huge birth rate and the government muted this law in order to reduce the birth rate because if they continued with these birth rate (the birth rate they had before the law) they would duplicate the population of the country in 24 yearend there isn´t enough space for all that huge quantity of people so a lot of people would be expulsed of the country, but now in october of 2015 this law was modified and instead of one child per couple, two childs per couple because the government saw that the birth rate was decreasing a lot an to maintain it they change the law.
4.The death rate of china is 7,44 deaths divided 1.000 people. The reasons for these death rate are for example that China have the highest deaths provoked by cancer. The most common cancer in China is the lung cancer. Deaths from this typically fatal disease have shot up nearly fivefold since the 1970s. In China’s rapidly growing cities, like Shanghai and Beijing, where particulates in the air are often four times higher than in other countries like the United States, Japan, Germany, etc. Also there are more deseases that are in other countries like heart attacks, etc…
5. The natural growth in China is 5.28. It is a positive natural growth because there are more births than deaths. The causes are that they modified the children law and instead of one baby they can have two. Although the creation of more industries heve caused more deaths because of pollution and most of these diseases are the lung cancer that is the most common cancer in this country because the pollution in the air. China is the first contributer in the natural growth of the entire world but the other country most of them have a negative natural growth so the result of the world natural growth is negative. In China the law was modified because the health nacional council made an study that showed that the pollution was increasing and the deaths caused by cancer also was increasing and if they continued like that the natural growth would be negative in some years.
6. China is one of the most extensive country in the world according to the studies made by the organization incharge of these part of the economy in a country (International Labour Organization). These fact is important because the immigrants know this situation and they consider that China is a place to leave and have a job. But more than immigrants the people living in the rustic zones like villages are coming to the big cities because there are getting bad conditions to cultivate and also the lack of sanity in villages make this people migrate to the cities. Most of these immigrants didn´t had a good education of they didn´t had any acces to education and in china there are a lot of factories that to work you doesn´t need any study to work. These factories are mainly chain factories The migrations have one positive part and a negative. The positive part is that as the immigrants come to china they have babies and these affects positively to the birth rate and the natural growth. Also the migrations affects to the economy and some experts in economy considers china as an emerging economy and a place to work for the immigrants to go and live there and this is positive for these two reasons but there is also a negative part an is that as there come more immigrants to work they had to build more buildings for them to live and more industries because the most of the immigrants doesn´t have enough education to work in empress. This is a very big problem because these industries causes a lot of diseases and the most common now in china are the cancer, the lung cancer. This is cause by the high levels of pollution in all china. The immigrants causes these two things, one that is very good for the emerging economy and the savior for poor people that goes there to try to live and obtain money but the other face of the coin is that this causes a lot of deaths and makes China the country with most cancer in the actually world. This is more common for the people that lives in the countryside more than the immigrants.
5. MIGRATIONS
1. In china there are 1.350.695.000 people and 850.000 are people coming from other parts of the world, mainly from the United States, Europe and from Mongolia. They move mainly for two reasons, one is for study chinese and these is temporal, but sometimes they found a proper job and forms a family and finally its for all the live, that it’s the second reason. The most moved people are the farmers, etc…, that are the people that live in country side and they move to big cities because in the rural zones there are little access to sanity and also the high pollution makes that the villager take diseases. The immigrants that enters in china they are looking for a job but they doesn´t have any studies. Actually the emigrants from other countries doesn´t consider that china isn´t a good place to live because the diseases like the lung cancer caused by the environmental contamination, but china can maintain itself thanks to the high population they have.
2. The emigrants are -0,44emigrants divided per one thousand inhabitants(-0,32/1000). The are more or less 6.000.000 emigrants from china (but there isn´t truth confirmed because more chinese people migrate in secret because they are under a dictatorship so they scape). They notmally migrate to the countries that are developed,for example the united states but normally they go to spain, England mainly the countries in europe. They migrate out of china because first of all they are under a dictatorship and they scape from this situation. Other reason is the pollution, the sanity of the cities. vThese is refered to the migrations because the people became sick and they go to other counties that have better sanity conditions and less pollution environment to be cured.
3. The chinese legislation have laws created in 1985, called Law of Administration of Entrance and exit for foreigners, that have been reformed in 2012. This laws states that all the immigrants need special documentation (VISAS) to enter the country for laboural reasons. This documentations are very difficult to been obtained by the foreing people non-qualified because china with the internal migrations they need cualified people. These laws also helps the migrations of the non-cualified people because there is a lot of hand work and they need more people that finished their studies for hospitals, education, etc… and not for working in fabrics or jobs that could be covered by non-cualified personal.
4. The institution mainly in charged of the migration in china is the Minitry of Foreing Affairs of the People´s Republic of China. These ministery is divided in areas, Asia, Western Asia and North Africa, North America and South America, The European Region, Oceania And Central Asian. This institutions control and puts the conditions for the immigrants to enter to the country and also for the emigrants to migrate. Each region have one director-general and deputies Director-Generals to have an easier control of the zones to don´t have any issue in this system. The Diplomatic figures are the Former Ministers, the Formers Vice Ministers and Assistants Ministers, Ambassadors and Consul Generals.
5. The main problems connected to migrations are that china is thinking how to manage 260.000.000 people that are migrating from the villages to the cities looking for better live qualities. These people are considered second-class citizens (Hukou system) and temporary guests with no formal urban status because they have problems to accses to the basics services provided by the government such education for their children, healthcare, social security and decent places to live.
1.The People´s Republic of China is located in the eastern part of the Asian Continent, on the Pacific rim. It is a vast land, covering 9.6 million square kilometers in total. 2.The borders of china are delimited by some nations that are Mongolia, North Korea, Russia (north and North West), Kazakhstan, Kirgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Macau. 3.China has a wide ranch of landscapes. He country has been described as a staircase with three steps, descending from west to east. In the west is the icy plateau of Tibet, high in the towering Himalayas. Called “the roof of the world”, the mountains are home to Mount Everest, the world´s highest peak (29,029 feet). Central China consist of smaller mountains and foothills, desert, salt lakes and the dry grasslands south or Mongolia. Western China descends into the low river plains that are the Country´s fertile hearth land and the tradicional home of the Han people, often called the Middle Kingdom. Great Rivers such as the Chang Jing an Huang He irrigate the region which contains most of the country´s population and cities, including Beijing. This landscape made that the population is concentrd in different areas, specially in coastland, and about 2/3 of the country is deserted because nobody lives. 4.The climate of china varies a lot, in some places the temperatures from -0ºC and in others from more than 40ºC. The far north experiences very cold winters (-40ºC) and hot summers (40ºC). Central china have a less change in temperatures but they are also very colds and hot. The southeast china have a subtropical climate, in wich hot, humid summers coincide with a rainy season that can bring typhoons and in this area usually lives the people because there isn´t extreme temperatures although they have a risk caused by the typhoons. If we are talking about the pros and the cons we detect that are more cons that pros because the extreme temperatures made live impossible for the people and the only place were the chinese people can live they have a typhoon alert in the rainy seasons.
7. ECONOMY
1. The most common sector of employment in the county was the first sector but nowadays is the industry. These happened because the peasants working in this sector didn´t have the basic services and they are migrating to the cities to have them. They dindn´t have a good education and they couldn´t grow their crops or have cows there so they introduce them into factories that doesn´t need any study to be productive there. The results today the second sector is the one that is giving more money. The agriculture represent a 34,8% of the total employment, the industries a 29,5% and finally the services a 35,7%. The industries generate more money than the others sectors. 2. The unemployment rate in china is from 4,05% of the total population and these represents 962.000 that are mainly living in the villages.
3. The agriculture in China represents a 35% of the total active population and produce a 10% of the total GDP of china although only the 15% of the ground of china can be cultivated (1.2 million square kilometers). China is the first country producer of cereals, potatoes, rice, cotton and tea. The sectors of manufacturing and construction account for almost half of China's GDP . China has become one of the favorites for the relocation of global manufacturing units because of the low cost of labor destinations , although their value is increasing. Economic growth has coincided mainly with the development of a competitive manufacturing and export-oriented . More than half of Chinese exports are made by companies with foreign capital. Their participation in the sectoral value added varies by sector : over 60 % for electronics to less than 20 % for most intermediate goods. The state sector still contributes about 40 % of GDP.
The tertiary sector has lagged behind , obstructed by public monopolies and restrictive regulations. Its share in GDP rises to over 45 % of GDP and employs one-third of the workforce .
4. China is today the second world power and since 2010, the highest consumer in the world. China has experiencced a strong industrialization process that has been forced to increase its energy consumption to supply its industries and cities booming, leading to the gap between consumption and production expand year by year. To maintain growth of the caliber needed energy resources, for positioning, China as the largest importer of energy resources China accounts for 4% of global GDP, and consumes 12% of global energy resources, 8% of world oil consumption. Oil accounts for 22% of local energy consumption, and as the country develops its consumption increases. Furthermore, only the supply of the domestic transport absorbs third oil consumption. Despite having 1.4% of world oil reserves, it is the fifth largest producer, but still, since 1993 demand exceeds production, importing about 9,000,000 barrels per day, which translates to 2010 immporting 56% of the oil consumed. Coal is the main source of energy consumed, 69% of energy consumption. Coal allows China producing 80% of electricity in the country, and since 2009 is the ultimate consumer, consuming a total of 50% worldwide. Its reserves are the third world (behind the US and Russia), 14% of the world total, but its production is in the lead, with 45% of the total, a figure that allowed him to avoid having to import coal until 2007. As for natural gas, energy consumption only accounts for 3% of the national total, andimports mainly from Russia and Iran, with some 7,000 cubic meters. In 2001 there were 30,300 million cubic meters and in 2011 produced 82,600 million cubic meters, almost tripling production. As for exports, something similar happens to oil, the figures are very low in global comparison, exporting about 3,000 million cubic meters. China is trying to reduce its dependence on coal, by increasing the role of the oil and natural gas. Its energy dependence is evident, as the world's largest consumer of energy, but its exports (energy) are not relevant in the world, as countries such as Russia, Iran or the United States, represent the main energy poles. Rapid economic growth in China is reflected in the need to import energy sources such as oil from just 1993 to 2007 coal and natural gas in 2008 , and despite having those needs since so little is already the bigest consumer world and one of the leading importers, has also become the largest claimant of copper, zinc , platinum , steel, iron , aluminum, nickel , cement, etc.
8. DOMESTIC POLICY
1. According to the investigations made by the Chinese Academy Of Social Sciences, there are 10 problems that are classified as importans for the population that lives here. These problems are: 1. Soaring Commodity Prices 59.5% 2. Health Care Availability and Prices 42.9% 3. Income and Wealth Gap 31.6% 4. Governmental Corruption 29.3% 5. Unemployment 24.2% 6. Housing Prices 24% 7. Retirement Pension for the Elderly 16.6% 8. Food Safety 15.9% 9. Education Costs 10.9% 10. Environmental Pollution 10.3%
2. China´s Grow has enabled it to make significan progress in many aspects of public Health. Over the past 20 years, life expectancy has risen significantly, and childhood mortality rates have plummeted by more than half. The Hospital´s beds had risen than it did only a decade ago. Nevertheless, still faces a number of challenges. Health care resources are unequally distributed across the contry-wealthier cities tend to have good hospitals, but many other cities and most rural areas lack them. The country also lacks an effective primary care system. As a result, patients often find it difficult to get access to care. In response to growing social pressures, Chinas´s central goverment announced a seris of heath care reforms last year. Its goal are ambitious.: It wants to establish a basic, universal health system that can provide safe, effective, convenient, an low-cost health services to all of China citizens. To accomplish this feat, China created two insurance programs for low-income citizens: Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance and New Rural Cooperative Medical System.
3. Education policy became one of the most discused topics during the national Peoples.s congress and Committee of the Chinese Peoples´s Politicial Consultative Conference annual sessions, They accorded the State guidelines for middle and long-term educational reform and development plan for public feedback. The guidelines contain a number of strategis for the education industry in the coming 10 years. Developing the industry is a priority, and governmente expedinture in the sector is budgeted to increase. More policies wil be implemented to encourage devolpment in privately run and also vocational education. Adiitional financial support will be provided to grant equal education oportunities to students living in rural areas an areas of ethnic minorities. More resources wil be deployed to improve the quality of teachers in rural areas. In the higher education sector, entrance exams to higher education wil be reformed to ensure talented sutdents are not lef out of the academic system, and the quality of higher education will be improved.
4. China's tax revenue has grown more than 20 percent annually. It soared from 1.7 trillion yuan (US$205.56 billion) in 2002 to 2.05 trillion yuan (US$247.88 billion) in 2003 and 2.57 trillion yuan (US$310.76 billion) in 2004. Tax revenue has made great contributions to guaranteeing the steady growth of China's fiscal revenue and strengthening the country's ability to macro-controSince reform and opening up, accompanying the progress of China's economic reform, its taxation system has seen two major changesl. From 1978 to 1991, China started by setting up a foreign-related taxation system, further promoting the all-around reform of the tax system for state-owned enterprises, centered on "replacing profit delivery by taxes," and an industrial and commercial tax system. A new round of tax reform began in 2004. The main idea of the reform is to, while maintaining fast and stable growth of tax revenue, steadily restructuring the present taxation system step by step, to adapt to the economic situation and the need of state macro-control. The reform will be carried out in conformity to the principle of “simple taxation system, relaxed tax base, low tax rate and strict collection and management,” with an aim of unifying tax law, evening the tax burden, standardizing government distribution, promoting the coordinated growth of tax revenue and economy, and raising the efficiency of tax collection and management.
5.Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. China recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 41.06 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2014. Government Debt to GDP in China averaged 33.93 percent from 1995 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 41.06 percent in 2014 and a record low of 19.99 percent in 1997. Public debt in China in 2014 was 3,205,885 million euros , grew from 389,045,000 2013 when it was 2,816,840 million, it is among the countries with the world's debt. The world 's second largest economy is struggling to contain its growing debt resulting from easy credit and local governments round after round of stimulus.
9. FOREING POLICY
1. The Chinese behavior in the international policy is based on an independent opinion of international problems. His diplomatic objective is to defend the world peace and a peaceful environment to allow their development. He opposes the peace of one country or alliance of countries and the implementation of actions of force. His foreign policy aims to develop relations with all countries regardless of their ideological orientation of government or the prevailing social system. Prioritizes relations with developing countries and its neighbors, which is the cornerstone of his work in the external field. The primary purpose of its international relations is to build a new political and economic international order.
China's foreign policy is underpinned by the five principles of peaceful coexistence that govern their relations with other countries. They are: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.
They are beginning to make some differences regarding the foreign policy of the United States. Consistent with the principles, the PRC has developed its military potential with strictly defensive character. It has no military bases abroad, except for small stations control and protection of the sea route to follow their tankers from the Persian Gulf to its territory. Since 1979 when China invaded Vietnam for two months, soldiers of this country have not left its territory to wage war on another nation. Since 1949, in addition to this time, only during the Korean War, the Chinese military has conducted military operations beyond its borders. In both cases, the end of the wars, all the Chinese military contingent returned to his territory.
2.The two main conflicts that china has in the actuality, they are two countryes that are near china. These two countries are India and Japan.
Related to India the origins of the rivalry between China and India date from the SXIX. It started when Britain wantted to establish the boundaries of their empire in India, which in 1914 Britain and Tibet signed a treaty defining the northeastern border of British India called McMahon line. This was adopted by India as its border with Tibet after independence in 1947.Tres years later, the Chinese Communist regime of Mao Zedong militarily occupied Tibet and the McMahon Line became the direct border between the two countries. China did not recognize the McMahon Line as the border, but respected for reasons of political expediency, while India was not to irritate China. Because the government of India believed that the Chinese only continue with the threats and apply not use weapons against them, led the country to stand up and implement a more aggressive policy and claim the territory from the Chinese side of the border. After rising tension between the two countries, it began to take military action. Chinese troops advanced on the Indian territory taking Rezang and Tawang in the west and in the east. The war ended when Chinese cease-fire on November 20, 1962, after he was threatened because India sought help from US and China annexed the territory they had won in battle.
Related to Japan, the first Japanese War is the forerunner of the contemporary world because China and Japan will always tend to be rivals. While in this first war, were played to Taiwan, which became Japan's property, in the Second Sino-Japanese War Taiwan reverted to Chinese sovereignty, besides Korea was divided into north and south. This obviously broke diplomatic relations, that while after the Treaty of Versailles after World War II, the territories were determined precisely the fact that China has been supported by the former Soviet Union, taking control of North Korea; and South Korea, was then controlled by the US, USSR and clear rival China in the Cold War period, it caused the Japanese-Chinese relations were delicate. China has always had conflicts of sovereignty, claiming that Hong Kong and Taiwan are Chinese territory; Japan declares that both are sovereign and independent states, which are the first touch. While China does not recognize economic sovereignty to Hong Kong and Taiwan, as it does economic states, which is very contradictory, can be found for example in APEC, intergovernmental consultative forum, that if China recognized as a member economy to Hong Kong , South Korea and Taiwan. Japan has always declared that they are independent, US-backed thing - world power, which follows China, the third is Japan - so that those among these states is highly relevant to world politics. Lately, a new dispute has strained the bilateral relations between the two Asian giants: the Senkaku Islands (in Japanese) or Dai You (in China), sector which in 2008 it was agreed to share their sovereignty, and both profit economic: these islands have great natural wealth, from agriculture to fishing. In 2010 a Chinese fishing vessel collided in the sector, greatly angering Japan. Then the governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara discreetly negotiated with the owners of the islands to buy them, which has already been announced over the course of the last week in December this year the deal would close. This deeply angered China, because they are going to take agreements that aim to keep the peace, which feel they are being provoked by Japan, which is the current struggle between the two States. It is of great international importance for the reason that two powerful economies are of great importance in the global village.
Recently has appeared a conflic with the USA in the southern sea.The tension and recriminations between the two countries have increased in recent months due to work carried out by China in the islands and reefs in the archipelago of the Spratly , an area disputed until six countries (China , Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Taiwan and Brunei ) . The United States accuses the Asian giant to be building military facilities on the islets , something they consider a threat to freedom of navigation in the area, and have warned that Chinese demand will not recognize any territorial waters based on these new artificial islands . However , Chinese authorities say the works are aimed at construcction of lighthouses and other facilities to ensure the safetly of navigation in the area , which they say do in asuming its international responsibilities.
3.On March 4, 2015, China announced that it would raise its defense budget by approximately 10%. While down from the previous year's 12.2% increase, the announcement nonetheless marks the fifth conseccutive year with a double digit increase in official military spending. This would roughly translate to 890 billion yuan , or about $US145 billion. China's military spending exceeded $145 billion last year as it advanced a program modernizing an arsenal of drones, warships, jets, missiles and cyber weapons.
Table of Contents
OFFICIAL COUNTRY NAME: People`s Republic Of China
LOCATION: It is located in Southeast Asia along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean, China is the world's third largest country, after Russia and Canada.
YEAR WHEN THE COUNTRY ENTERED JOINED THE UN: China joined the united nations in the year the 25 of april 1945, it was one of the founders of the UN and its most important influence there is that china is one of the countries that are in the Security council and china is an permanent member.
1. PEOPLE
1 The people that live in china are called Chinese people.
2 The official language that is spoken in China is the Standard Mandarin and its the only spoken language in this country.
3 The most practice religions are the Buddhism , Taoism , Confucianism and traditional Chinese religion and in many cases , are carried out jointly and in a form of religious syncretism. However , a large majority of the population does not identify with any religion, be agnostics , atheists or just not attached to any religion spiritual people.
2. FLAG
The Chinese constitution states in its Articles 136 , 137 and 138 that the flag of his nation is composed of a canvas red which symbolizes the revolution called Chinese Civil War that occurred from 1927 to 1950 and is the color of communism. Five yellow stars have five peaks each , the three small stars represent the population and the biggest star represents the communist party .
All the stars are in the upper left and represent the union of the people with the Communist Party of China. The tiny stars also symbolize the four social classes that divides the country , businessmen , intellectuals, workers and peasants.
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This is the emblem of the Communist Party
The hammer and sickle is a symbol that represents the union of workers, mainly used to represent communism and their parties . It comprises a hammer superimposed on a sickle . These two tools are symbols of the industrial proletariat and the peasantry , respectively ; the fact that they are one above the other symbolizes the unity between all workers.
3. GOVERMENT
1.China is a developing country and its way of government is communism so it isn´t a democratic government but it is starting to transform into a democratic state related to the economy.
2.The name of the leader of the country is Xi Jinping from the communist party of People´s Republic of China
3.The type of government of china is the communist since 1949 when the communist party was chosen.
4.In China the three powers are divided in 5 Institutions:
- The political branch, is essentially the Communist Party of China. Since China is a one-party state, this branch monopolizes all branches, actually. It submits bills to the legislative branch. The Party, anyway, is actually the largest one in the world, with over 80 million members.
- The Executive Branch, this is the State Council, consisting of 50 people selected by the National People's Congress. The current Premier of the State Council is Li Keqiang. It's main responsibilities are to oversee the state and provincial governments. Also the Communist Party of China interferes in this power.
- The Legislative Branch, this is the National People's Congress, which is the only legislative body in China, instead of being split into 2 have the two institutions together with it's Senate and House of Representatives. It's mainly a forum for debating bills put forward by the Political Branch, and it has very rarely refused one. A vast majority of its members are also in the Communist Party of China because its the main party in China.
- The Judicial Branch. This is the Supreme People's Court, along with 300 other tribunals. Hong Kong and Macau are excluded from this. As well as judging Constitutional cases, this court also judges criminal cases.
- The Military Branch. This is the Central Military Commission, responsible for the People's Liberation Army (Includes the Army, Navy and Air Force) and the People's Armed Police. This branch is responsible for all of China's military agencies.
5. The main political parties are the:
The Kuomintang of China that is a nationalist party that had a powerful army and unified china. It governed until 1949 when the communist party won the civil war. Their first idea was to govern with a powerful army but they could,t di that because the communist party won them.
The communist party of china is the party that have more members in the world. It is the current party that is ruling and it put the name to china of People´s Republic Of China.They started to be leading in 1949 when they won the civil war (the Kuomintang of China) they immediately rule. Its main ideas for ruling are the communism and socialism.
The Chinese Youth Party is a lower party that have,t governed yet. Its main ideas for the government are to make a strong and centralized government. It was founded by a group of Chinese students in France.
6. China haven´t been never colonized although a lot of countries had some territories there, but china haven´t be ever a colony, but before 1949 the Kuomintang of China was the leading part without elections and in the civil war the communist party won the war so we can say that they gained it independence.
4.POPULATION
1.People´s republic of China have 1.367.820.000 inhabitants in the territory. The distribution by ages in china is less than 15 years 20,1%, between 15-64 71.9% and more than 64 8%.
The 53% of the people that lives in are men and the other, the 47% are women.
And the percentages of the foreigns nationality that lives in China are Korean , Mongolian, Japanese , Russians and Kazakhs : 60 % (394.200 inhabitants ), Europeans: 35 % (229.950 inhabitants ) and from other countries: 5% (32.850 inhabitants).
2. The population density of China is of 145 people per square kilometer.
3. The birth rate of china is of 12.7 births divided of 1.000 people. This is a lower population than before the 1978. This is because the government of china made a law in the year 1970 that said that in China, the couples could only have one baby and this caused a lower birth rate and a high amounts of aborts because the people had a lot of children and they had a very huge birth rate and the government muted this law in order to reduce the birth rate because if they continued with these birth rate (the birth rate they had before the law) they would duplicate the population of the country in 24 yearend there isn´t enough space for all that huge quantity of people so a lot of people would be expulsed of the country, but now in october of 2015 this law was modified and instead of one child per couple, two childs per couple because the government saw that the birth rate was decreasing a lot an to maintain it they change the law.
4.The death rate of china is 7,44 deaths divided 1.000 people. The reasons for these death rate are for example that China have the highest deaths provoked by cancer. The most common cancer in China is the lung cancer. Deaths from this typically fatal disease have shot up nearly fivefold since the 1970s. In China’s rapidly growing cities, like Shanghai and Beijing, where particulates in the air are often four times higher than in other countries like the United States, Japan, Germany, etc. Also there are more deseases that are in other countries like heart attacks, etc…
5. The natural growth in China is 5.28. It is a positive natural growth because there are more births than deaths. The causes are that they modified the children law and instead of one baby they can have two. Although the creation of more industries heve caused more deaths because of pollution and most of these diseases are the lung cancer that is the most common cancer in this country because the pollution in the air. China is the first contributer in the natural growth of the entire world but the other country most of them have a negative natural growth so the result of the world natural growth is negative. In China the law was modified because the health nacional council made an study that showed that the pollution was increasing and the deaths caused by cancer also was increasing and if they continued like that the natural growth would be negative in some years.
6. China is one of the most extensive country in the world according to the studies made by the organization incharge of these part of the economy in a country (International Labour Organization). These fact is important because the immigrants know this situation and they consider that China is a place to leave and have a job. But more than immigrants the people living in the rustic zones like villages are coming to the big cities because there are getting bad conditions to cultivate and also the lack of sanity in villages make this people migrate to the cities. Most of these immigrants didn´t had a good education of they didn´t had any acces to education and in china there are a lot of factories that to work you doesn´t need any study to work. These factories are mainly chain factories The migrations have one positive part and a negative. The positive part is that as the immigrants come to china they have babies and these affects positively to the birth rate and the natural growth. Also the migrations affects to the economy and some experts in economy considers china as an emerging economy and a place to work for the immigrants to go and live there and this is positive for these two reasons but there is also a negative part an is that as there come more immigrants to work they had to build more buildings for them to live and more industries because the most of the immigrants doesn´t have enough education to work in empress. This is a very big problem because these industries causes a lot of diseases and the most common now in china are the cancer, the lung cancer. This is cause by the high levels of pollution in all china. The immigrants causes these two things, one that is very good for the emerging economy and the savior for poor people that goes there to try to live and obtain money but the other face of the coin is that this causes a lot of deaths and makes China the country with most cancer in the actually world. This is more common for the people that lives in the countryside more than the immigrants.
5. MIGRATIONS
1. In china there are 1.350.695.000 people and 850.000 are people coming from other parts of the world, mainly from the United States, Europe and from Mongolia. They move mainly for two reasons, one is for study chinese and these is temporal, but sometimes they found a proper job and forms a family and finally its for all the live, that it’s the second reason. The most moved people are the farmers, etc…, that are the people that live in country side and they move to big cities because in the rural zones there are little access to sanity and also the high pollution makes that the villager take diseases. The immigrants that enters in china they are looking for a job but they doesn´t have any studies. Actually the emigrants from other countries doesn´t consider that china isn´t a good place to live because the diseases like the lung cancer caused by the environmental contamination, but china can maintain itself thanks to the high population they have.2. The emigrants are -0,44emigrants divided per one thousand inhabitants(-0,32/1000). The are more or less 6.000.000 emigrants from china (but there isn´t truth confirmed because more chinese people migrate in secret because they are under a dictatorship so they scape). They notmally migrate to the countries that are developed,for example the united states but normally they go to spain, England mainly the countries in europe. They migrate out of china because first of all they are under a dictatorship and they scape from this situation. Other reason is the pollution, the sanity of the cities. vThese is refered to the migrations because the people became sick and they go to other counties that have better sanity conditions and less pollution environment to be cured.
3. The chinese legislation have laws created in 1985, called Law of Administration of Entrance and exit for foreigners, that have been reformed in 2012. This laws states that all the immigrants need special documentation (VISAS) to enter the country for laboural reasons. This documentations are very difficult to been obtained by the foreing people non-qualified because china with the internal migrations they need cualified people. These laws also helps the migrations of the non-cualified people because there is a lot of hand work and they need more people that finished their studies for hospitals, education, etc… and not for working in fabrics or jobs that could be covered by non-cualified personal.
4. The institution mainly in charged of the migration in china is the Minitry of Foreing Affairs of the People´s Republic of China. These ministery is divided in areas, Asia, Western Asia and North Africa, North America and South America, The European Region, Oceania And Central Asian. This institutions control and puts the conditions for the immigrants to enter to the country and also for the emigrants to migrate. Each region have one director-general and deputies Director-Generals to have an easier control of the zones to don´t have any issue in this system. The Diplomatic figures are the Former Ministers, the Formers Vice Ministers and Assistants Ministers, Ambassadors and Consul Generals.
5. The main problems connected to migrations are that china is thinking how to manage 260.000.000 people that are migrating from the villages to the cities looking for better live qualities. These people are considered second-class citizens (Hukou system) and temporary guests with no formal urban status because they have problems to accses to the basics services provided by the government such education for their children, healthcare, social security and decent places to live.
6. GEOGRAPHY
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1. The People´s Republic of China is located in the eastern part of the Asian Continent, on the Pacific rim. It is a vast land, covering 9.6 million square kilometers in total.
2. The borders of china are delimited by some nations that are Mongolia, North Korea, Russia (north and North West), Kazakhstan, Kirgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Macau.
3. China has a wide ranch of landscapes. He country has been described as a staircase with three steps, descending from west to east. In the west is the icy plateau of Tibet, high in the towering Himalayas. Called “the roof of the world”, the mountains are home to Mount Everest, the world´s highest peak (29,029 feet). Central China consist of smaller mountains and foothills, desert, salt lakes and the dry grasslands south or Mongolia. Western China descends into the low river plains that are the Country´s fertile hearth land and the tradicional home of the Han people, often called the Middle Kingdom. Great Rivers such as the Chang Jing an Huang He irrigate the region which contains most of the country´s population and cities, including Beijing. This landscape made that the population is concentrd in different areas, specially in coastland, and about 2/3 of the country is deserted because nobody lives.
4. The climate of china varies a lot, in some places the temperatures from -0ºC and in others from more than 40ºC. The far north experiences very cold winters (-40ºC) and hot summers (40ºC). Central china have a less change in temperatures but they are also very colds and hot. The southeast china have a subtropical climate, in wich hot, humid summers coincide with a rainy season that can bring typhoons and in this area usually lives the people because there isn´t extreme temperatures although they have a risk caused by the typhoons. If we are talking about the pros and the cons we detect that are more cons that pros because the extreme temperatures made live impossible for the people and the only place were the chinese people can live they have a typhoon alert in the rainy seasons.
7. ECONOMY
1. The most common sector of employment in the county was the first sector but nowadays is the industry. These happened because the peasants working in this sector didn´t have the basic services and they are migrating to the cities to have them. They dindn´t have a good education and they couldn´t grow their crops or have cows there so they introduce them into factories that doesn´t need any study to be productive there. The results today the second sector is the one that is giving more money. The agriculture represent a 34,8% of the total employment, the industries a 29,5% and finally the services a 35,7%. The industries generate more money than the others sectors.
2. The unemployment rate in china is from 4,05% of the total population and these represents 962.000 that are mainly living in the villages.
3. The agriculture in China represents a 35% of the total active population and produce a 10% of the total GDP of china although only the 15% of the ground of china can be cultivated (1.2 million square kilometers). China is the first country producer of cereals, potatoes, rice, cotton and tea.
The sectors of manufacturing and construction account for almost half of China's GDP . China has become one of the favorites for the relocation of global manufacturing units because of the low cost of labor destinations , although their value is increasing. Economic growth has coincided mainly with the development of a competitive manufacturing and export-oriented . More than half of Chinese exports are made by companies with foreign capital. Their participation in the sectoral value added varies by sector : over 60 % for electronics to less than 20 % for most intermediate goods. The state sector still contributes about 40 % of GDP.
The tertiary sector has lagged behind , obstructed by public monopolies and restrictive regulations. Its share in GDP rises to over 45 % of GDP and employs one-third of the workforce .
4. China is today the second world power and since 2010, the highest consumer in the world.
China has experiencced a strong industrialization process that has been forced to increase its energy consumption to supply its industries and cities booming, leading to the gap between consumption and production expand year by year. To maintain growth of the caliber needed energy resources, for positioning, China as the largest importer of energy resources
China accounts for 4% of global GDP, and consumes 12% of global energy resources, 8% of world oil consumption. Oil accounts for 22% of local energy consumption, and as the country develops its consumption increases. Furthermore, only the supply of the domestic transport absorbs third oil consumption. Despite having 1.4% of world oil reserves, it is the fifth largest producer, but still, since 1993 demand exceeds production, importing about 9,000,000 barrels per day, which translates to 2010 immporting 56% of the oil consumed.
Coal is the main source of energy consumed, 69% of energy consumption. Coal allows China producing 80% of electricity in the country, and since 2009 is the ultimate consumer, consuming a total of 50% worldwide. Its reserves are the third world (behind the US and Russia), 14% of the world total, but its production is in the lead, with 45% of the total, a figure that allowed him to avoid having to import coal until 2007.
As for natural gas, energy consumption only accounts for 3% of the national total, andimports mainly from Russia and Iran, with some 7,000 cubic meters.
In 2001 there were 30,300 million cubic meters and in 2011 produced 82,600 million cubic meters, almost tripling production. As for exports, something similar happens to oil, the figures are very low in global comparison, exporting about 3,000 million cubic meters.
China is trying to reduce its dependence on coal, by increasing the role of the oil and natural gas. Its energy dependence is evident, as the world's largest consumer of energy, but its exports (energy) are not relevant in the world, as countries such as Russia, Iran or the United States, represent the main energy poles. Rapid economic growth in China is reflected in the need to import energy sources such as oil from just 1993 to 2007 coal and natural gas in 2008 , and despite having those needs since so little is already the bigest consumer world and one of the leading importers, has also become the largest claimant of copper, zinc , platinum , steel, iron , aluminum, nickel , cement, etc.
8. DOMESTIC POLICY
1. According to the investigations made by the Chinese Academy Of Social Sciences, there are 10 problems that are classified as importans for the population that lives here. These problems are:
1. Soaring Commodity Prices 59.5%
2. Health Care Availability and Prices 42.9%
3. Income and Wealth Gap 31.6%
4. Governmental Corruption 29.3%
5. Unemployment 24.2%
6. Housing Prices 24%
7. Retirement Pension for the Elderly 16.6%
8. Food Safety 15.9%
9. Education Costs 10.9%
10. Environmental Pollution 10.3%
2. China´s Grow has enabled it to make significan progress in many aspects of public Health. Over the past 20 years, life expectancy has risen significantly, and childhood mortality rates have plummeted by more than half. The Hospital´s beds had risen than it did only a decade ago. Nevertheless, still faces a number of challenges. Health care resources are unequally distributed across the contry-wealthier cities tend to have good hospitals, but many other cities and most rural areas lack them. The country also lacks an effective primary care system. As a result, patients often find it difficult to get access to care. In response to growing social pressures, Chinas´s central goverment announced a seris of heath care reforms last year. Its goal are ambitious.: It wants to establish a basic, universal health system that can provide safe, effective, convenient, an low-cost health services to all of China citizens. To accomplish this feat, China created two insurance programs for low-income citizens: Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance and New Rural Cooperative Medical System.
3. Education policy became one of the most discused topics during the national Peoples.s congress and Committee of the Chinese Peoples´s Politicial Consultative Conference annual sessions, They accorded the State guidelines for middle and long-term educational reform and development plan for public feedback. The guidelines contain a number of strategis for the education industry in the coming 10 years. Developing the industry is a priority, and governmente expedinture in the sector is budgeted to increase. More policies wil be implemented to encourage devolpment in privately run and also vocational education. Adiitional financial support will be provided to grant equal education oportunities to students living in rural areas an areas of ethnic minorities. More resources wil be deployed to improve the quality of teachers in rural areas. In the higher education sector, entrance exams to higher education wil be reformed to ensure talented sutdents are not lef out of the academic system, and the quality of higher education will be improved.
4. China's tax revenue has grown more than 20 percent annually. It soared from 1.7 trillion yuan (US$205.56 billion) in 2002 to 2.05 trillion yuan (US$247.88 billion) in 2003 and 2.57 trillion yuan (US$310.76 billion) in 2004. Tax revenue has made great contributions to guaranteeing the steady growth of China's fiscal revenue and strengthening the country's ability to macro-controSince reform and opening up, accompanying the progress of China's economic reform, its taxation system has seen two major changesl. From 1978 to 1991, China started by setting up a foreign-related taxation system, further promoting the all-around reform of the tax system for state-owned enterprises, centered on "replacing profit delivery by taxes," and an industrial and commercial tax system. A new round of tax reform began in 2004. The main idea of the reform is to, while maintaining fast and stable growth of tax revenue, steadily restructuring the present taxation system step by step, to adapt to the economic situation and the need of state macro-control. The reform will be carried out in conformity to the principle of “simple taxation system, relaxed tax base, low tax rate and strict collection and management,” with an aim of unifying tax law, evening the tax burden, standardizing government distribution, promoting the coordinated growth of tax revenue and economy, and raising the efficiency of tax collection and management.
5. Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. China recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 41.06 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2014. Government Debt to GDP in China averaged 33.93 percent from 1995 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 41.06 percent in 2014 and a record low of 19.99 percent in 1997. Public debt in China in 2014 was 3,205,885 million euros , grew from 389,045,000 2013 when it was 2,816,840 million, it is among the countries with the world's debt. The world 's second largest economy is struggling to contain its growing debt resulting from easy credit and local governments round after round of stimulus.
9. FOREING POLICY
1. The Chinese behavior in the international policy is based on an independent opinion of international problems. His diplomatic objective is to defend the world peace and a peaceful environment to allow their development. He opposes the peace of one country or alliance of countries and the implementation of actions of force. His foreign policy aims to develop relations with all countries regardless of their ideological orientation of government or the prevailing social system. Prioritizes relations with developing countries and its neighbors, which is the cornerstone of his work in the external field. The primary purpose of its international relations is to build a new political and economic international order.
China's foreign policy is underpinned by the five principles of peaceful coexistence that govern their relations with other countries. They are: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.
They are beginning to make some differences regarding the foreign policy of the United States. Consistent with the principles, the PRC has developed its military potential with strictly defensive character. It has no military bases abroad, except for small stations control and protection of the sea route to follow their tankers from the Persian Gulf to its territory. Since 1979 when China invaded Vietnam for two months, soldiers of this country have not left its territory to wage war on another nation. Since 1949, in addition to this time, only during the Korean War, the Chinese military has conducted military operations beyond its borders. In both cases, the end of the wars, all the Chinese military contingent returned to his territory.
2. The two main conflicts that china has in the actuality, they are two countryes that are near china. These two countries are India and Japan.
Related to India the origins of the rivalry between China and India date from the SXIX. It started when Britain wantted to establish the boundaries of their empire in India, which in 1914 Britain and Tibet signed a treaty defining the northeastern border of British India called McMahon line. This was adopted by India as its border with Tibet after independence in 1947.Tres years later, the Chinese Communist regime of Mao Zedong militarily occupied Tibet and the McMahon Line became the direct border between the two countries. China did not recognize the McMahon Line as the border, but respected for reasons of political expediency, while India was not to irritate China. Because the government of India believed that the Chinese only continue with the threats and apply not use weapons against them, led the country to stand up and implement a more aggressive policy and claim the territory from the Chinese side of the border. After rising tension between the two countries, it began to take military action. Chinese troops advanced on the Indian territory taking Rezang and Tawang in the west and in the east. The war ended when Chinese cease-fire on November 20, 1962, after he was threatened because India sought help from US and China annexed the territory they had won in battle.
Related to Japan, the first Japanese War is the forerunner of the contemporary world because China and Japan will always tend to be rivals. While in this first war, were played to Taiwan, which became Japan's property, in the Second Sino-Japanese War Taiwan reverted to Chinese sovereignty, besides Korea was divided into north and south. This obviously broke diplomatic relations, that while after the Treaty of Versailles after World War II, the territories were determined precisely the fact that China has been supported by the former Soviet Union, taking control of North Korea; and South Korea, was then controlled by the US, USSR and clear rival China in the Cold War period, it caused the Japanese-Chinese relations were delicate. China has always had conflicts of sovereignty, claiming that Hong Kong and Taiwan are Chinese territory; Japan declares that both are sovereign and independent states, which are the first touch. While China does not recognize economic sovereignty to Hong Kong and Taiwan, as it does economic states, which is very contradictory, can be found for example in APEC, intergovernmental consultative forum, that if China recognized as a member economy to Hong Kong , South Korea and Taiwan. Japan has always declared that they are independent, US-backed thing - world power, which follows China, the third is Japan - so that those among these states is highly relevant to world politics. Lately, a new dispute has strained the bilateral relations between the two Asian giants: the Senkaku Islands (in Japanese) or Dai You (in China), sector which in 2008 it was agreed to share their sovereignty, and both profit economic: these islands have great natural wealth, from agriculture to fishing. In 2010 a Chinese fishing vessel collided in the sector, greatly angering Japan. Then the governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara discreetly negotiated with the owners of the islands to buy them, which has already been announced over the course of the last week in December this year the deal would close. This deeply angered China, because they are going to take agreements that aim to keep the peace, which feel they are being provoked by Japan, which is the current struggle between the two States. It is of great international importance for the reason that two powerful economies are of great importance in the global village.
Recently has appeared a conflic with the USA in the southern sea.The tension and recriminations between the two countries have increased in recent months due to work carried out by China in the islands and reefs in the archipelago of the Spratly , an area disputed until six countries (China , Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Taiwan and Brunei ) . The United States accuses the Asian giant to be building military facilities on the islets , something they consider a threat to freedom of navigation in the area, and have warned that Chinese demand will not recognize any territorial waters based on these new artificial islands . However , Chinese authorities say the works are aimed at construcction of lighthouses and other facilities to ensure the safetly of navigation in the area , which they say do in asuming its international responsibilities.
3. On March 4, 2015, China announced that it would raise its defense budget by approximately 10%. While down from the previous year's 12.2% increase, the announcement nonetheless marks the fifth conseccutive year with a double digit increase in official military spending. This would roughly translate to 890 billion yuan , or about $US145 billion. China's military spending exceeded $145 billion last year as it advanced a program modernizing an arsenal of drones, warships, jets, missiles and cyber weapons.